After Louis XVIII, the restored king of France died, his younger brother Charles X ascended the throne. Whereas Louis XVIII had tried to walk a middle course between the Ultras (People who wanted an absolutist king such as before the revolution) and the classical liberals (People who favored freedom and limited government), Charles X did not attempt to do this. He instituted the death penalty for anyone profaning the Eucharist which violated religious freedom and supported other such unpopular legislation. He dissolved the National Gaurd of Paris, and when the Chamber of Deputies passed a motion of no confidence Charles dissolved the parliament. In July 1830 he dissolved the Chamber of deputies and suspended the liberty of the press. July 27 started three days in which Paris rebelled and took over important buildings, while Charles X raised little opposition. In a day and a half, four-thousand barricades sprung up in Paris, and the people of Paris declared Charles X deposed and Louis Philippe I declared king. Louis Philippe supported the interests of the middle class and the bourgeoise and exemplified this by wearing business suits instead of royal regalia.
1848 brought on another round of revolution. By this time Louis Philippe I popularity in France had waned. For the socialists, he was doing nothing and for the classical liberals, he was not doing enough. Political gatherings were outlawed in France, so to avoid this, people would throw banquets at which people would get up and deliver political speeches. After the government found out about this they banned a banquet from being held in Paris. This led Paris to revolt and Louis Philippe abdicated as king and left France. During this time Bastiat’s pamphlets were plastered throughout Paris and published in both Conservative and Socialist newspapers. After the monarchy was abolished The Second Republic was formed. This had mostly classical liberal and conservative influences, with socialist interests being pushed aside, although national workshops were formed where anyone could go and get work. The national workshops were deeply unpopular by the middle class and in the first parliamentary elections, conservatives and moderates were in the majority. They closed down the workshops which made some of the working-class rebel, though this was quickly clamped down on. The first presidential election appointed Louis Napoleon, nephew of Napoleon I, as president. He became so powerful, however, that in 1852 he declared himself emperor, rendering the revolution for democracy unsuccessful.
In Germany, Nationalist sentiments were high, and in 1848, the parliament of Frankfurt was formed to try and form a unified Germany. They decided to not include Austria because there were too many different nationalities there, vying for independence. They approached the King of Prussia and asked if he would accept the role of King of Germany. He refused as he only wanted to be king of Germany on his terms, not tied down by a charter or what the revolutionaries wanted. So German unification was unsuccessful for the present but would come eventually in 1871.